| 1948-01-27 | Smith-Mundt Act Authorizes State Department Propaganda Apparatus - Voice of America Expands
3 src Harry S. Truman · U.S. Congress · State Department · Voice of America |
| confirmed |
| 1947-10-20 | HUAC Hollywood Hearings Begin, Studio Executives Cooperate as "Friendly Witnesses"
6 src House Un-American Activities Committee · Ronald Reagan |
| confirmed |
| 1947-10-01 | Federal Loyalty Program Implementation Creates Permanent Political Background-Check Regime
3 src Harry S. Truman · Federal Bureau of Investigation |
| reported |
| 1947-03-21 | Executive Order 9835 Establishes Federal Loyalty Program - 5 Million Screened, Guilt Presumed
4 src Harry S. Truman · Federal Bureau of Investigation · House Un-American Activities Committee |
| confirmed |
| 1946-05-01 | Operation Dixie Launched to Unionize the South, Met with Violent Corporate Resistance
3 src Congress of Industrial Organizations · United Auto Workers · Ku Klux Klan |
| confirmed |
| 1945-01-03 | HUAC Made Permanent Standing Committee, Institutionalizes Political Persecution
3 src U.S. House of Representatives · House Un-American Activities Committee |
| confirmed |
| 1944-12-18 | Korematsu v. United States - Supreme Court Upholds Japanese Internment
3 src U.S. Supreme Court · Hugo Black · Frank Murphy · Department of Justice |
| confirmed |
| 1944-11-07 | Arkansas and Florida Become First States to Pass Right-to-Work Laws Through Racist, Anti-Semitic Campaign
3 src |
| confirmed |
| 1944-07-17 | Port Chicago Disaster and Black Sailors Mutiny Conviction
3 src U.S. Navy · Thurgood Marshall · NAACP |
| confirmed |
| 1944-06-22 | GI Bill Passed with Discriminatory State Implementation Enabling Racial Wealth Gap
7 src Franklin D. Roosevelt · U.S. Congress · American Legion | | confirmed |
| 1943-06-20 | Detroit Race Riot Exposes Housing Segregation and War Production Tensions
3 src NAACP | | confirmed |
| 1942-07-02 | FDR Proclamation 2561 Creates Military Tribunal for Nazi Saboteurs; Ex parte Quirin Becomes Cited Precedent for Post-9/11 Detention
3 src Franklin D. Roosevelt · U.S. Supreme Court · Francis Biddle · J. Edgar Hoover |
| confirmed |
| 1942-02-19 | Executive Order 9066 as Executive-Power Template: FDR's Internment Authority Predicate for 2001 Detention Architecture
3 src Franklin D. Roosevelt · Francis Biddle · Earl Warren |
| reported |
| 1942-02-19 | Executive Order 9066 Authorizes Japanese American Internment
3 src Franklin D. Roosevelt · U.S. War Department |
| confirmed |
| 1941-12-07 | FBI Pre-Pearl-Harbor Japanese-American Dossier System Provides Internment Target Lists
3 src J. Edgar Hoover · Federal Bureau of Investigation · Franklin D. Roosevelt |
| confirmed |
| 1940-06-28 | Smith Act Criminalizes Advocacy of Government Overthrow, Enables Political Persecution
3 src U.S. Congress · Department of Justice · Franklin D. Roosevelt | | confirmed |
| 1937-05-30 | Memorial Day Massacre - Chicago Police Kill Ten Strikers and Wound 90 at Republic Steel Using Corporate-Supplied Weapons
4 src Chicago Police Department |
| confirmed |
| 1937-05-26 | Battle of the Overpass - Ford Motor Company Thugs Brutally Attack UAW Organizers in Planned Assault at River Rouge
3 src Ford Motor Company · United Auto Workers · Walter Reuther · Henry Ford |
| confirmed |
| 1937-01-11 | Battle of the Running Bulls - Flint Police and GM Security Forces Attack Sit-Down Strikers with Tear Gas and Gunfire
3 src United Auto Workers |
| confirmed |
| 1933-06-13 | Home Owners' Loan Corporation Created, Establishes Racial Appraisal Framework
3 src Franklin D. Roosevelt · Federal Home Loan Bank Board |
| confirmed |
| 1927-05-02 | Supreme Court Endorses Forced Sterilization in Buck v. Bell Eugenics Decision
3 src U.S. Supreme Court |
| confirmed |
| 1927-04-21 | Great Mississippi Flood Exposes Racial Labor Exploitation and Plantation System
3 src Herbert Hoover · National Guard | | confirmed |
| 1925-11-14 | D.C. Stephenson Convicted of Murder Exposing Klan Leadership Corruption
3 src | | confirmed |
| 1925-08-08 | KKK Marches on Washington at Peak of Institutional Influence
3 src Ku Klux Klan | | confirmed |
| 1924-05-26 | Immigration Act of 1924 Imposes Racist National Origins Quotas Based on Eugenics
3 src Calvin Coolidge · U.S. Congress | | confirmed |
| 1924-05-10 | Hoover Named Acting Director of Bureau of Investigation, Begins 48-Year Tenure
3 src J. Edgar Hoover · Harlan Fiske Stone · Bureau of Investigation · Calvin Coolidge |
| confirmed |
| 1923-09-01 | Ku Klux Klan Seizes Control of Indiana State Government
3 src Ku Klux Klan | | confirmed |
| 1920-08-23 | Sacco and Vanzetti Arrested in Red Scare Climate of Anti-Immigrant Hysteria
3 src Department of Justice |
| confirmed |
| 1920-05-28 | 'Report Upon the Illegal Practices of the United States Department of Justice' Repudiates Palmer Raids
2 src A. Mitchell Palmer · J. Edgar Hoover |
| confirmed |
| 1920-03-01 | Supreme Court Dismisses U.S. Steel Antitrust Case, Ruling Size Alone Not Illegal - Enforcement Ends Until 1945
4 src U.S. Supreme Court · U.S. Steel Corporation |
| confirmed |
| 1920-01-02 | Palmer Raids Escalate with Coordinated Mass Arrests Across 33 Cities
5 src A. Mitchell Palmer · J. Edgar Hoover · Department of Justice | | confirmed |
| 1919-08-01 | Hoover Named to Lead Justice Department Radical Division, Origin of Permanent Political Dossier System
3 src J. Edgar Hoover · A. Mitchell Palmer · Department of Justice |
| confirmed |
| 1918-06-03 | Supreme Court Strikes Down Federal Child Labor Law in Hammer v. Dagenhart
3 src U.S. Supreme Court · Oliver Wendell Holmes Jr. |
| confirmed |
| 1917-06-15 | Wilson-Era Wartime Executive Architecture: Espionage Act, War Powers Statutes Build Permanent Emergency-Authority Template
3 src Woodrow Wilson · Herbert Hoover · U.S. Congress · Department of Justice |
| reported |
| 1917-04-20 | Justice Department Authorizes American Protective League, 250,000-Member Vigilante Surveillance Network
3 src Bureau of Investigation · Woodrow Wilson |
| confirmed |
| 1915-11-25 | KKK Revived at Stone Mountain Cross Burning: Simmons Coordinates with Birth of a Nation Premiere
3 src William J. Simmons · Ku Klux Klan |
| confirmed |
| 1915-08-17 | Leo Frank Lynched by Antisemitic Mob After Governor Commutes Sentence: Only Jewish Lynching in U.S. History
4 src William J. Simmons | | confirmed |
| 1915-02-08 | Birth of a Nation Premieres in Los Angeles: Groundbreaking Film Glorifies KKK, Depicts Black Americans as Evil
4 src Woodrow Wilson · William J. Simmons · Ku Klux Klan |
| confirmed |
| 1913-03-03 | Women's Suffrage Parade in Washington Attacked by Hostile Crowds as Police Stand By
3 src Alice Paul · Lucy Burns · Woodrow Wilson | | confirmed |
| 1911-05-29 | Supreme Court Orders American Tobacco Breakup, Applying Rule of Reason to Tobacco Trust
6 src U.S. Supreme Court · Chief Justice Edward White · American Tobacco Company |
| confirmed |
| 1909-03-04 | Roosevelt Leaves Office After 44 Antitrust Suits, Revealing Progressive Era Reform Limits
3 src Theodore Roosevelt · William Howard Taft · J.P. Morgan · U.S. Department of Justice · +1 |
| confirmed |
| 1908-02-03 | Supreme Court Loewe v. Lawlor Decision Holds Union Members Personally Liable for Damages
3 src U.S. Supreme Court · American Federation of Labor |
| confirmed |
| 1907-07-19 | Roosevelt Justice Department Files Antitrust Suit Against American Tobacco Trust
3 src Theodore Roosevelt · U.S. Department of Justice · American Tobacco Company |
| confirmed |
| 1905-04-17 | Supreme Court Strikes Down Labor Protections in Lochner v. New York
3 src U.S. Supreme Court · Oliver Wendell Holmes Jr. |
| confirmed |
| 1897-09-10 | Lattimer Massacre - 19 Unarmed Immigrant Strikers Killed by Sheriff's Posse
5 src United Mine Workers |
| confirmed |
| 1893-01-17 | U.S. Marines Land in Honolulu, American Businessmen Overthrow Hawaiian Kingdom and Depose Queen Liliuokalani in Illegal Coup
5 src Sanford B. Dole · U.S. Marines · Grover Cleveland |
| confirmed |
| 1892-11-08 | New Orleans General Strike: 30,000 Workers Achieve Interracial Labor Victory
3 src American Federation of Labor |
| confirmed |
| 1890-12-29 | Wounded Knee Massacre - U.S. 7th Cavalry Kills 250+ Lakota, Primarily Women and Children, Ending Ghost Dance Movement
3 src U.S. War Department |
| confirmed |
| 1887-10-27 | Sugar Trust Formation: Henry Havemeyer Consolidates 75% of Sugar Refining
3 src |
| confirmed |
| 1887-07-06 | Armed Militia Forces King Kalakaua to Sign "Bayonet Constitution," Stripping Hawaiian Sovereignty and Disenfranchising Native Hawaiians
4 src Sanford B. Dole |
| confirmed |
| 1887-02-08 | Dawes Allotment Act Destroys Tribal Land Ownership, Facilitating Loss of 90 Million Acres to White Settlers
3 src U.S. Congress · Grover Cleveland · Bureau of Indian Affairs |
| confirmed |
| 1886-05-04 | Haymarket Affair Bombing and Police Violence Trigger Massive Anti-Labor Backlash
4 src Chicago Police Department · Knights of Labor |
| confirmed |
| 1883-10-15 | Civil Rights Cases Strike Down 1875 Act, Legitimizing Jim Crow
4 src U.S. Supreme Court |
| confirmed |
| 1882-05-06 | Chinese Exclusion Act Bans Immigration Through Racist Labor Scapegoating
3 src Chester A. Arthur · U.S. Congress · Labor unions |
| confirmed |
| 1879-10-01 | Carlisle Indian Industrial School Opens With "Kill the Indian, Save the Man" Mission of Cultural Genocide
3 src U.S. government · U.S. War Department · Bureau of Indian Affairs |
| confirmed |
| 1878-06-18 | Posse Comitatus Act Restricts Federal Military from Domestic Law Enforcement
3 src Rutherford B. Hayes · U.S. Congress | | confirmed |
| 1877-02-28 | Congress Seizes Black Hills With Only 10% Sioux Consent, Violating Fort Laramie Treaty Requirement for 75% Approval
3 src U.S. Congress · Sioux Nation · Ulysses S. Grant |
| confirmed |
| 1877-02-26 | Compromise of 1877: Wormley Agreement Abandons Black Americans
3 src Rutherford B. Hayes · Southern Democrats |
| confirmed |
| 1874-12-07 | Vicksburg Massacre: White League Kills 150-300 Black Citizens, Overthrows Sheriff
3 src White League · Ulysses S. Grant |
| confirmed |
| 1874-07-02 | Custer's Black Hills Expedition Violates Fort Laramie Treaty, Discovering Gold and Triggering Rush to Sioux Sacred Lands
3 src U.S. Army · Sioux Nation · Ulysses S. Grant |
| confirmed |
| 1873-04-13 | Colfax Massacre: 150 Black Americans Murdered to Overthrow Local Government
4 src Ku Klux Klan |
| confirmed |
| 1871-04-20 | Ku Klux Klan Act Authorizes Federal Suppression of Terrorist Violence
4 src Ulysses S. Grant · Ku Klux Klan |
| confirmed |
| 1868-04-29 | Fort Laramie Treaty Guarantees Black Hills to Sioux in Perpetuity - Later Violated for Gold Rush
3 src Sioux Nation · U.S. government |
| confirmed |
| 1865-12-24 | Ku Klux Klan Founded as Terrorist Organization to Restore White Supremacy
4 src | | confirmed |
| 1863-01-15 | Treasury Department Cotton Permit System Enables Massive Corruption as Officials Trade with Enemy for Personal Profit
3 src U.S. Treasury Department · Abraham Lincoln |
| confirmed |
| 1863-01-01 | Emancipation Proclamation Faces Violent Northern Resistance from Democrats and White Supremacists Fearing Labor Competition
3 src Abraham Lincoln · Northern Democrats · Frederick Douglass | | confirmed |
| 1842-03-01 | Prigg v Pennsylvania Supreme Court Ruling Protects Slave Catchers and Enables Kidnapping
3 src U.S. Supreme Court |
| confirmed |
| 1831-08-21 | Nat Turner Rebellion Triggers Brutal Repression and Tightening of Slave Codes Across the South
5 src | | confirmed |
| 1819-03-03 | Civilization Fund Act Authorizes Federal Funding for Indigenous Assimilation Schools, Laying Groundwork for Boarding School System
3 src U.S. Congress · James Monroe · Bureau of Indian Affairs |
| confirmed |
| 1797-10-18 | XYZ Affair Exposes French Diplomatic Bribery Demands and Triggers Quasi-War
3 src John Marshall · John Adams |
| confirmed |
| 1790-03-26 | Naturalization Act Restricts Citizenship to Free White Persons Creating Racial Caste System
3 src George Washington | | confirmed |