| 1998-12-19 | House of Representatives Impeaches President Clinton on Perjury and Obstruction Charges Bill Clinton · House Republicans · Kenneth Starr |
| confirmed |
| 1998-10-01 | Electronic Industries Alliance Blacklisting - K Street Project Enforcement Tom DeLay · Newt Gingrich · Dave McCurdy · Bill Paxon · +3 |
| confirmed |
| 1998-01-17 | Monica Lewinsky Affair Becomes Public as Clinton Issues Denial Bill Clinton · Monica Lewinsky · Kenneth Starr |
| confirmed |
| 1996-04-24 | Clinton Signs AEDPA, Expands Federal Surveillance and Creates FTO Terrorism Framework Bill Clinton · Orrin Hatch · Bob Dole · Joe Biden · +1 |
| confirmed |
| 1994-09-27 | Dellinger OLC Haiti Memo Establishes 'Consultation-Not-Authorization' Framework for War Powers — the Clinton-Era Doctrinal Bridge Walter Dellinger · Bill Clinton · U.S. Office of Legal Counsel · Bob Dole · +3 |
| confirmed |
| 1994-09-13 | Violent Crime Control Act Expands Federal Wiretap Predicates and Roving Wiretap Authority Bill Clinton · Joe Biden · Department of Justice · 103rd Congress |
| confirmed |
| 1993-01-01 | Grover Norquist Wednesday Meetings Begin - Conservative Coordination Hub Grover Norquist · Americans for Tax Reform · Republican Congressional Leadership · K Street Lobbyists |
| confirmed |
| 1991-01-01 | Sean Combs joins Uptown Records under Andre Harrell, beginning rapid rise Sean Combs · Andre Harrell · Uptown Records · Russell Simmons | | confirmed |
| 1988-06-29 | Morrison v. Olson: Scalia's Lone Dissent Articulates Unitary-Executive Theory That Becomes Movement Doctrine U.S. Supreme Court · William Rehnquist · Antonin Scalia · Theodore Olson · +2 |
| confirmed |
| 1987-11-18 | Iran-Contra Minority Report: Cheney, Addington Lay Groundwork for Unitary-Executive Doctrine That Shapes Bush II and Trump II Dick Cheney · David Addington · Michael Malbin · Henry Hyde · +4 |
| confirmed |
| 1986-02-25 | Meese Announces West Publishing Deal: Presidential Signing Statements Enter U.S. Code Legislative History Edwin Meese · Ronald Reagan · Samuel Alito · West Publishing Company · +1 |
| confirmed |
| 1984-06-01 | CIA Director Casey and Oliver North Create "The Enterprise" -- A Private Intelligence Operation Template William Casey · Oliver North · Richard Secord · Albert Hakim · +2 |
| confirmed |
| 1983-06-23 | INS v. Chadha: Supreme Court Invalidates Legislative Veto in 200+ Statutes, Structural Shift Toward Executive Power U.S. Supreme Court · Warren Burger · Byron White · William Rehnquist · +2 |
| confirmed |
| 1981-12-04 | Reagan Signs Executive Order 12333, Loosening Intelligence Restrictions and Enabling Private Contractor Involvement Ronald Reagan · Central Intelligence Agency · National Security Agency · Defense Intelligence Agency · +1 |
| confirmed |
| 1981-09-29 | Reagan Orders Coast Guard Interdiction of Haitian Refugees, Establishing Maritime Asylum Denial Ronald Reagan · U.S. Coast Guard · Immigration and Naturalization Service · Jean-Claude Duvalier · +1 |
| confirmed |
| 1981-06-05 | AIDS Epidemic Begins: Reagan Administration Maintains Years of Deadly Silence Ronald Reagan · Centers for Disease Control · C. Everett Koop · Larry Speakes |
| confirmed |
| 1981-01-28 | Reagan Appoints James Watt as Interior Secretary - Oil Industry Capture Ronald Reagan · James Watt · Mountain States Legal Foundation · Coors Company · +1 |
| confirmed |
| 1981-01-01 | ALEC Establishes Cabinet Task Forces and Partners with Reagan's Task Force on Federalism American Legislative Exchange Council · Ronald Reagan · Paul Laxalt · Tom Stivers · +1 |
| confirmed |
| 1980-11-04 | Ronald Reagan Elected President, Conservative Infrastructure Achieves Powell Memo Goals Ronald Reagan · Heritage Foundation · Paul Weyrich · Edwin Feulner · +3 |
| confirmed |
| 1980-07-01 | Reagan Aide Edwin Meese Coordinates with Heritage on "Mandate for Leadership" Edwin Meese III · Ronald Reagan · Edwin Feulner · Heritage Foundation · +1 |
| confirmed |
| 1980-01-01 | Charles Heatherly Produces "Mandate for Leadership" Outline, Assembling 300 Contributors Charles Heatherly · Edwin Feulner · Heritage Foundation |
| confirmed |
| 1979-01-01 | ALEC Begins Tobacco Industry Partnership for Legislative Influence American Legislative Exchange Council · Tobacco Institute · ALEC Executive Director |
| confirmed |
| 1979-01-01 | Heritage Foundation Begins "Mandate for Leadership" Preparation for Reagan Transition Edwin Feulner · Jack Eckerd · Robert Krieble · Heritage Foundation |
| confirmed |
| 1978-10-25 | Foreign Intelligence Surveillance Act as Executive-Power Bargain: Statutory Authorization in Exchange for Court Review Becomes Template Jimmy Carter · Edward Kennedy · Frank Church · Birch Bayh · +2 |
| confirmed |
| 1978-01-01 | Clark Clifford and Robert Altman Begin Representing BCCI in US Operations Clark Clifford · Robert Altman · Bert Lance · Agha Hasan Abedi · +1 |
| confirmed |
| 1977-12-28 | International Emergency Economic Powers Act: Carter-Era Statute Becomes Principal Modern Instrument of Unilateral Economic Action Jimmy Carter · Jonathan Bingham · Clement Zablocki · U.S. Congress |
| confirmed |
| 1977-07-01 | Exxon Internal Climate Research Program Confirms Human-Caused Global Warming James Black · Roger Cohen · ExxonMobil · Exxon Corporation · +1 |
| confirmed |
| 1976-09-14 | National Emergencies Act: Congress Attempts to Catalogue and Constrain 470 Executive Emergency Powers Frank Church · Charles Mathias · Gerald Ford · U.S. Congress · +1 |
| confirmed |
| 1976-02-18 | Ford EO 11905: Executive-Self-Regulation of Intelligence Establishes Assassination Ban Without Statute Gerald Ford · George H.W. Bush · Henry Kissinger · U.S. Intelligence Community |
| confirmed |
| 1976-01-01 | Tobacco Industry 'Operation Berkshire' and global coordination to resist smoking regulation British American Tobacco · Philip Morris · RJ Reynolds · Imperial Tobacco |
| confirmed |
| 1975-04-22 | Church Committee: Landmark Democratic Resistance Framework Against Intelligence Abuses Senator Frank Church · Senator John Tower · US Senate · Central Intelligence Agency · +3 |
| confirmed |
| 1974-12-30 | Hughes-Ryan Amendment: Congress Requires Presidential Findings for Covert Action, Ends Plausible-Deniability Era Harold Hughes · Leo Ryan · Gerald Ford · Central Intelligence Agency · +2 |
| confirmed |
| 1974-07-12 | Congressional Budget and Impoundment Control Act: Congress Strips Nixon's Unilateral Authority to Withhold Appropriated Funds Richard Nixon · U.S. Congress · Sam Ervin · Al Ullman · +2 |
| confirmed |
| 1974-06-01 | Nixon Executive-Privilege Theory (1973-74) Establishes Doctrinal Infrastructure Cited by Every Subsequent Presidency Richard Nixon · Archibald Cox · Leon Jaworski · John Dean · +2 |
| confirmed |
| 1973-11-07 | War Powers Resolution Enacted Over Nixon Veto: Congress Attempts to Reclaim Authority After Cambodia Bombing Richard Nixon · U.S. Congress · Jacob Javits · Clement Zablocki · +2 |
| confirmed |
| 1973-07-16 | Butterfield Reveals White House Taping System: Nixon's Executive-Privilege Refusals Trigger Defining Separation-of-Powers Crisis Alexander Butterfield · Richard Nixon · Sam Ervin · Fred Thompson · +1 |
| confirmed |
| 1972-12-01 | Business Roundtable Established as CEO Coordination Body for Corporate Political Power John Connally · Arthur Burns · Reginald Jones · John Harper · +2 |
| confirmed |
| 1972-08-22 | Case-Zablocki Act: Congress Requires Reporting of Executive Agreements, Partial Reassertion of Senate Treaty Power Clifford Case · Clement Zablocki · Richard Nixon · Henry Kissinger · +1 |
| confirmed |
| 1972-06-19 | Supreme Court Keith Decision Requires Warrants for Domestic Security Surveillance, Reserves Foreign Intelligence Question Lewis Powell · Damon Keith · White Panther Party · Department of Justice · +1 |
| confirmed |
| 1971-08-15 | Nixon's New Economic Policy: Unilateral Price Controls, Gold-Window Closure, and 10% Import Surcharge Demonstrate Peak Imperial Presidency Richard Nixon · John Connally · Arthur Burns · Paul Volcker · +1 |
| confirmed |
| 1971-06-30 | Supreme Court Rules 6-3 for Press Freedom in Pentagon Papers Case - Rejects Nixon Administration Prior Restraint Attempt U.S. Supreme Court · New York Times · Washington Post · Daniel Ellsberg · +2 |
| confirmed |
| 1969-07-17 | Nixon Administration Articulates Comprehensive Executive-Supremacy Doctrine: Impoundment, Secret Bombing, Pocket Vetoes, Surveillance Richard Nixon · John Mitchell · Henry Kissinger · William Rehnquist · +2 |
| confirmed |
| 1969-03-18 | Nixon and Kissinger Launch Secret Illegal Bombing Campaign Against Cambodia - Operation Menu Kills 150,000-500,000 Civilians President Richard Nixon · National Security Advisor Henry Kissinger · Secretary of Defense Melvin Laird · Secretary of State William Rogers · +2 |
| confirmed |
| 1965-03-01 | McNamara and Johnson Administration Begin Systematic Deception About Vietnam War Progress Creating "Credibility Gap" Secretary of Defense Robert McNamara · President Lyndon B. Johnson · Senator J. William Fulbright · U.S. Department of Defense |
| confirmed |
| 1964-08-10 | Gulf of Tonkin Resolution Signed: LBJ Receives Advance Blank-Check War Authorization, Template for Post-9/11 AUMF Lyndon B. Johnson · Wayne Morse · Ernest Gruening · J. William Fulbright · +2 |
| confirmed |
| 1962-01-17 | Kennedy Executive Order 10988 Grants Federal Workers Collective Bargaining Rights John F. Kennedy · American Federation of State County and Municipal Employees · Federal employees · Jerry Wurf |
| confirmed |
| 1952-06-02 | Youngstown Sheet & Tube v. Sawyer: Supreme Court Strikes Steel Seizure; Jackson Concurrence Becomes Canonical Executive-Power Framework U.S. Supreme Court · Hugo Black · Robert H. Jackson · Felix Frankfurter · +4 |
| confirmed |
| 1952-04-08 | Truman Issues Executive Order 10340 Seizing Nation's Steel Mills; Sets Up Steel Seizure Case Harry S. Truman · Charles Sawyer · United Steelworkers of America · Steel Industry Negotiating Committee · +1 | | confirmed |
| 1951-12-06 | Truman Commissions Brownell Committee to Investigate AFSA Failure, Blueprint for NSA Created Harry S. Truman · George Brownell · Armed Forces Security Agency · National Security Council |
| confirmed |
| 1950-12-16 | Truman Proclaims National Emergency for Korean War: Declaration Remains Legally Operative for 26 Years Harry S. Truman · Dean Acheson · George Marshall |
| confirmed |
| 1950-06-27 | Truman Commits U.S. Forces to Korean War by Executive Action Alone, Establishing 'Police Action' Precedent Harry S. Truman · Dean Acheson · Robert Taft · U.S. Congress · +1 |
| confirmed |
| 1947-07-26 | National Security Act: Structural Transfer of Military-Intelligence Policy From Congressional to Executive Control Harry S. Truman · James Forrestal · Clark Clifford · Ferdinand Eberstadt · +1 |
| confirmed |
| 1942-07-02 | FDR Proclamation 2561 Creates Military Tribunal for Nazi Saboteurs; Ex parte Quirin Becomes Cited Precedent for Post-9/11 Detention Franklin D. Roosevelt · U.S. Supreme Court · Harlan F. Stone · Francis Biddle · +2 |
| confirmed |
| 1942-02-19 | Executive Order 9066 as Executive-Power Template: FDR's Internment Authority Predicate for 2001 Detention Architecture Franklin D. Roosevelt · Henry Stimson · John McCloy · Francis Biddle · +1 |
| confirmed |
| 1942-02-19 | Executive Order 9066 Authorizes Japanese American Internment Franklin D. Roosevelt · War Relocation Authority · U.S. Army Western Defense Command · John L. DeWitt · +2 |
| confirmed |
| 1939-04-03 | Reorganization Act of 1939: FDR Creates Executive Office of the President, Permanent Staff Infrastructure of Modern Presidency Franklin D. Roosevelt · Louis Brownlow · Charles Merriam · Luther Gulick · +1 |
| confirmed |
| 1937-02-05 | FDR Court-Packing Plan: Executive Assault on Judicial Independence Establishes Permanent Template Franklin D. Roosevelt · Homer Cummings · Burton Wheeler · Henry Ashurst · +1 |
| confirmed |
| 1936-12-21 | United States v. Curtiss-Wright Export: Sutherland Invents 'Sole Organ' Doctrine of Presidential Foreign-Affairs Supremacy U.S. Supreme Court · George Sutherland · Franklin D. Roosevelt · Curtiss-Wright Export Corporation · +1 |
| confirmed |
| 1935-05-27 | Humphrey's Executor v. United States: Supreme Court Limits Presidential Removal Power, Establishes Constitutional Predicate for Independent Agencies U.S. Supreme Court · George Sutherland · Franklin D. Roosevelt · William E. Humphrey · +1 |
| confirmed |
| 1934-06-19 | Office of Legal Counsel Established in DOJ Reorganization; Becomes Binding Interpreter of Executive Authority Franklin D. Roosevelt · Homer Cummings · U.S. Department of Justice · Office of Legal Counsel |
| confirmed |
| 1933-03-09 | FDR Invokes Trading with the Enemy Act in Peacetime for Bank Holiday: Wilson-Era Wartime Statute Becomes Domestic Emergency Instrument Franklin D. Roosevelt · Henry Morgenthau · William Woodin · U.S. Congress |
| confirmed |
| 1926-10-25 | Myers v. United States: Taft Court Reads Presidential Removal Power Into Article II, Predicate for Later Unitary-Executive Claims U.S. Supreme Court · William Howard Taft · Woodrow Wilson · Frank S. Myers · +2 |
| confirmed |
| 1917-06-15 | Wilson-Era Wartime Executive Architecture: Espionage Act, War Powers Statutes Build Permanent Emergency-Authority Template Woodrow Wilson · Bernard Baruch · Herbert Hoover · William McAdoo · +2 |
| confirmed |
| 1890-12-29 | Wounded Knee Massacre - U.S. 7th Cavalry Kills 250+ Lakota, Primarily Women and Children, Ending Ghost Dance Movement U.S. 7th Cavalry · Big Foot (Lakota Chief) · Sitting Bull · Lakota Sioux · +1 |
| confirmed |
| 1876-03-02 | War Secretary Belknap Impeached for Selling Military Post Traderships William W. Belknap · Ulysses S. Grant · Caleb Marsh · Hiester Clymer · +1 |
| confirmed |
| 1875-05-10 | Whiskey Ring Scandal: Treasury Officials Steal Millions in Tax Revenue Benjamin H. Bristow · Orville Babcock · Ulysses S. Grant · U.S. Treasury Department · +1 |
| confirmed |
| 1874-07-02 | Custer's Black Hills Expedition Violates Fort Laramie Treaty, Discovering Gold and Triggering Rush to Sioux Sacred Lands Lieutenant Colonel George Armstrong Custer · U.S. Army · Sioux Nation · Horatio Ross (prospector) · +1 |
| confirmed |
| 1873-04-14 | Slaughterhouse Cases Gut Fourteenth Amendment Protections U.S. Supreme Court · Louisiana Legislature · Crescent City Livestock Company · New Orleans Butchers |
| confirmed |
| 1871-04-20 | Ku Klux Klan Act Authorizes Federal Suppression of Terrorist Violence Ulysses S. Grant · 42nd United States Congress · Amos Akerman · Ku Klux Klan |
| confirmed |
| 1868-07-09 | Fourteenth Amendment Ratified: Corporate Hijacking Begins U.S. Congress · Louisiana Legislature · South Carolina Legislature · Reconstruction Governments |
| confirmed |
| 1868-04-29 | Fort Laramie Treaty Guarantees Black Hills to Sioux in Perpetuity - Later Violated for Gold Rush Sioux Nation · U.S. government · Lakota people · Red Cloud |
| confirmed |
| 1868-02-24 | Andrew Johnson Impeached for Obstructing Reconstruction Andrew Johnson · Edwin Stanton · U.S. House of Representatives · Radical Republicans · +2 |
| confirmed |
| 1866-02-19 | Johnson Vetoes Freedmen's Bureau Expansion, Sabotaging Reconstruction Andrew Johnson · Lyman Trumbull · Republican Congress · Freedmen's Bureau |
| confirmed |
| 1865-05-29 | Andrew Johnson Begins Mass Pardons of Confederate Leaders Andrew Johnson · Confederate Leaders · Republican Congress |
| confirmed |
| 1864-11-29 | Sand Creek Massacre - Colorado Militia Slaughters 150 Peaceful Cheyenne and Arapaho Under Protection Flag Colonel John Chivington · Third Colorado Cavalry · Black Kettle (Cheyenne Chief) · Colorado Territory · +2 |
| confirmed |