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DateEventActorsLanes
1906-06-29Roosevelt Signs Hepburn Act Creating First True Federal Regulatory Agency
Theodore Roosevelt · Representative William Hepburn · Interstate Commerce Commission · +2
5
1906-02-26Upton Sinclair Publishes "The Jungle" Exposing Meatpacking Industry Horrors
Upton Sinclair · Doubleday · Appeal to Reason
3
1905-06-27Industrial Workers of the World Founded, Challenges AFL Craft Unionism
William "Big Bill" Haywood · Eugene V. Debs · Mother Jones · +3
6
1905-04-17Supreme Court Strikes Down Labor Protections in Lochner v. New York
U.S. Supreme Court · Justice Rufus Peckham · Justice Oliver Wendell Holmes Jr. · +2
5
1905-01-30Supreme Court Rules Against Beef Trust, Establishes Stream of Commerce Doctrine
U.S. Supreme Court · Swift & Company · Armour & Company · +2
5
1904-03-14Supreme Court Orders Northern Securities Dissolution in First Major Antitrust Victory
U.S. Supreme Court · Theodore Roosevelt · J.P. Morgan · +3
6
1904-01-01Lincoln Steffens Publishes "The Shame of the Cities" Exposing Municipal Corruption
Lincoln Steffens · McClure's Magazine
2
1903-10-29Anaconda Copper Shuts Down All Montana Operations to Force Legislative Changes
Amalgamated Copper Company · Anaconda Copper Mining Company · F. Augustus Heinze · +3
6
1903-04-27Giles v. Harris: Supreme Court Refuses to Enforce Black Voting Rights Against Alabama Constitution
U.S. Supreme Court · Oliver Wendell Holmes Jr. · Jackson Giles · +2
5
1903-02-19Roosevelt Signs Elkins Act Prohibiting Railroad Rebates and Price Discrimination
Theodore Roosevelt · Senator Stephen B. Elkins · Interstate Commerce Commission · +2
5
1903-02-14Roosevelt Creates Bureau of Corporations and Department of Commerce and Labor
Theodore Roosevelt · U.S. Congress · George B. Cortelyou · +2
5
1902-11-01Ida Tarbell Begins "The History of the Standard Oil Company" in McClure's Magazine
Ida Tarbell · McClure's Magazine · Standard Oil Company · +1
4
1902-10-03Roosevelt Intervenes in Coal Strike as Neutral Arbitrator, Origins of Square Deal
Theodore Roosevelt · John Mitchell · J.P. Morgan · +2
5
1902-05-12Anthracite Coal Strike Begins in Pennsylvania, 147,000 Miners Walk Out
United Mine Workers · John Mitchell · Theodore Roosevelt · +2
5
1902-05-01Justice Department Files Antitrust Suit Against Beef Trust Monopoly
Theodore Roosevelt · Attorney General Philander Knox · Swift & Company · +4
7
1902-02-19Roosevelt Announces Northern Securities Antitrust Suit Against J.P. Morgan Railroad Trust
Theodore Roosevelt · Attorney General Philander Knox · J.P. Morgan · +3
6
1902-01-01Water Cure Torture Scandal - Senate Investigation Exposes Systematic Abuse
Theodore Roosevelt · William Howard Taft · Senate Committee on the Philippines · +3
6
1901-09-28Balangiga Massacre Triggers Samar Pacification - Scorched Earth Retaliation
Jacob H. Smith · Littleton Waller · Adna Chaffee · +3
6
1901-05-21Alabama Constitutional Convention: White Supremacy Constitution Becomes Blueprint for Southern Disenfranchisement
John Knox · Alabama Legislature · Democratic Party · +1
4
1901-03-10Carnegie Sells to J.P. Morgan: U.S. Steel Becomes First Billion-Dollar Corporation
Andrew Carnegie · J.P. Morgan · U.S. Steel Corporation · +1
4
1901-03-02Platt Amendment Enacted - Cuba Becomes U.S. Protectorate
William McKinley · Orville H. Platt · Elihu Root · +3
6
1901-03-01J.P. Morgan Creates Northern Securities: $400 Million Railroad Monopoly
J.P. Morgan · James J. Hill · Edward H. Harriman · +3
6
1901-02-26U.S. Steel Formation - Morgan Creates First Billion-Dollar Trust
J.P. Morgan · Andrew Carnegie · Charles Schwab · +2
5
1901-02-25U.S. Steel Corporation Formed - First Billion-Dollar Corporation in History
J.P. Morgan · Andrew Carnegie · Charles Schwab · +2
5
1900-06-20Boxer Rebellion - Eight-Nation Alliance Invasion Enforces Imperial Control
Eight-Nation Alliance · William McKinley · John Hay · +3
6
1899-09-06Open Door Policy Announced - Corporate Imperialism Disguised as Free Trade
John Hay · William Woodville Rockhill · William McKinley · +3
6
1899-02-04Philippine-American War Begins - Liberation Becomes Brutal Occupation
Emilio Aguinaldo · William McKinley · U.S. Army forces · +2
5
1899-01-01Standard Oil Trust Controls 90% of U.S. Oil Refining - Monopoly Power Peak
John D. Rockefeller · Standard Oil Trust · Railroad corporations · +2
5
1898-11-10Wilmington Massacre and Coup: Armed White Supremacists Overthrow Elected Government, Murder Black Citizens
Alfred Moore Waddell · Furnifold Simmons · Red Shirts · +2
5
1898-07-07Hawaii Annexation - U.S. Legitimizes Corporate Coup Against Monarchy
William McKinley · Sanford B. Dole · Queen Liliuokalani · +3
6
1898-05-01Embalmed Beef Scandal - War Profiteering and McKinley Administration Negligence
Russell A. Alger · William McKinley · Armour & Co · +4
7
1898-04-25Spanish-American War Begins - Imperial Expansion Under Humanitarian Pretext
William McKinley · Theodore Roosevelt · U.S. Navy · +2
5
1898-02-15USS Maine Explosion - Yellow Journalism Manufactures War Fever
William Randolph Hearst · Joseph Pulitzer · New York Journal · +3
6
1897-09-10Lattimer Massacre - 19 Unarmed Immigrant Strikers Killed by Sheriff's Posse
Sheriff James Martin · Luzerne County deputies · United Mine Workers · +3
6
1897-07-24Dingley Tariff Enacts Highest Protective Rates in History - Corporate Shield
William McKinley · Nelson Dingley Jr. · Republican Party · +2
5
1896-11-03McKinley Victory Establishes Mark Hanna's Corporate Fundraising Model
William McKinley · Mark Hanna · Standard Oil · +3
6
1896-07-09William Jennings Bryan's Cross of Gold Speech - Populist Challenge to Corporate Power
William Jennings Bryan · Democratic National Convention · Populist Party · +2
5
1895-05-27Supreme Court In Re Debs Decision Upholds Federal Injunctions Against Strikes
U.S. Supreme Court · Justice David Josiah Brewer · Eugene V. Debs · +2
5
1895-01-21U.S. v. E.C. Knight: Supreme Court Shields Sugar Trust and Eviscerates Antitrust Law
U.S. Supreme Court · Melville Fuller · American Sugar Refining Company · +2
5
1895-01-01J.P. Morgan Railroad Reorganizations Create Consolidated Monopoly Systems
J.P. Morgan · J.P. Morgan & Company · Southern Railway · +2
5
1894-07-03Federal Troops Crush Pullman Strike, Imprison Eugene Debs
Eugene V. Debs · American Railway Union · President Grover Cleveland · +2
5
1894-05-11Pullman Strike Begins After Company Town Wage Cuts Without Rent Reductions
George Pullman · Eugene V. Debs · American Railway Union · +3
6
1894-02-07Cripple Creek Miners Strike Achieves Rare Victory Through Governor Intervention
Western Federation of Miners · Governor Davis Hanson Waite · Colorado State Militia · +3
6
1893-11-07Colorado Voters Approve Women's Suffrage Through Referendum in Historic First
Colorado voters · Populist Party · Carrie Chapman Catt · +1
4
1893-05-15Western Federation of Miners Founded After Coeur d'Alene Massacre
Western Federation of Miners · Butte miners · Coeur d'Alene strikers · +1
4
1893-03-03Anti-Pinkerton Act: Congress Limits Private Armies After Homestead Violence
U.S. Congress · Pinkerton Detective Agency
2
1893-01-17U.S. Marines Land in Honolulu, American Businessmen Overthrow Hawaiian Kingdom and Depose Queen Liliuokalani in Illegal Coup
Queen Liliuokalani · John L. Stevens · Committee of Safety · +6
9
1892-11-08New Orleans General Strike: 30,000 Workers Achieve Interracial Labor Victory
Workingmen's Amalgamated Council · Triple Alliance · New Orleans Board of Trade · +1
4
1892-07-11Coeur d'Alene Miners Strike Violence Triggers Martial Law, 600 Imprisoned Without Trial
Western Federation of Miners · Pinkerton Detective Agency · Idaho National Guard · +4
7
1892-07-06Homestead Strike Battle Between Workers and Pinkerton Agents Leaves 10 Dead
Andrew Carnegie · Henry Clay Frick · Pinkerton Detective Agency · +3
6
1892-07-01Carnegie Steel Company Formed Through Massive Vertical Integration Consolidation
Andrew Carnegie · Henry Clay Frick · Carnegie Steel Company
3
1892-01-04Charlotte, Columbia and Augusta Railroad v. Gibbes: Corporate Personhood Reaffirmed
U.S. Supreme Court · Charlotte, Columbia and Augusta Railroad Company · South Carolina Legislature · +1
4
1892-01-01Pinkerton Detective Agency Operates as Private Corporate Army Against Unions
Pinkerton National Detective Agency · Allan Pinkerton · Corporate employers · +2
5
1891-08-18People's Party Officially Forms in Texas, Launching Populist Movement
Farmers' Alliance · Knights of Labor · People's Party
3
1891-07-15Coal Creek War Begins: Miners Free Convict Laborers, Attack Lease System
Tennessee Coal Mining Company · Knoxville Iron Company · Tennessee Miners · +2
5
1890-12-29Wounded Knee Massacre - U.S. 7th Cavalry Kills 250+ Lakota, Primarily Women and Children, Ending Ghost Dance Movement
U.S. 7th Cavalry · Big Foot (Lakota Chief) · Sitting Bull · +2
5
1890-07-02Sherman Antitrust Act Passed but Designed for Non-Enforcement Against Monopolies
Senator John Sherman · President Benjamin Harrison · U.S. Congress
3
1890-02-18National American Woman Suffrage Association Formed as Merger Heals 21-Year Split
Alice Stone Blackwell · Elizabeth Cady Stanton · Susan B. Anthony · +3
6
1890-01-01Company Towns and Debt Peonage: Corporate Control of Coal Mining Communities
Coal Mining Companies · Coal and Iron Police · Pennsylvania Coal Operators
3
1889-01-07Minneapolis & St. Louis Railway v. Beckwith: Corporate Personhood Doctrine Becomes Settled Law
U.S. Supreme Court · Justice Stephen Field · Minneapolis & St. Louis Railway Company
3
1888-01-07Pembina Consolidated Silver Mining Co. v. Pennsylvania: Court Explicitly Affirms Corporate Personhood
U.S. Supreme Court · Justice Stephen Field · Pembina Consolidated Silver Mining and Milling Company · +1
4
1887-10-27Sugar Trust Formation: Henry Havemeyer Consolidates 75% of Sugar Refining
Henry Osborne Havemeyer · Sugar Refineries Company · American Sugar Refining Company
3
1887-07-06Armed Militia Forces King Kalakaua to Sign "Bayonet Constitution," Stripping Hawaiian Sovereignty and Disenfranchising Native Hawaiians
King Kalakaua · Hawaiian League · Sanford B. Dole · +6
9
1887-02-08Dawes Allotment Act Destroys Tribal Land Ownership, Facilitating Loss of 90 Million Acres to White Settlers
Senator Henry L. Dawes · U.S. Congress · President Grover Cleveland · +2
5
1887-02-04Interstate Commerce Act: First Federal Regulatory Response to Corporate Monopoly
U.S. Congress · Interstate Commerce Commission · Granger Movement · +2
5
1886-12-08American Federation of Labor Founded on Craft Union Model Excluding Unskilled Workers
Samuel Gompers · Federation of Organized Trades and Labor Unions · Knights of Labor · +1
4
1886-10-25Wabash v. Illinois: Supreme Court Shields Interstate Monopolies from Regulation
U.S. Supreme Court · Wabash Railroad · Illinois Legislature · +1
4
1886-05-10Santa Clara County v. Southern Pacific Railroad: The Corporate Personhood Precedent That Never Was
U.S. Supreme Court · Chief Justice Morrison Waite · J.C. Bancroft Davis (Court Reporter) · +3
6
1886-05-04Haymarket Affair Bombing and Police Violence Trigger Massive Anti-Labor Backlash
Chicago Police Department · Albert Parsons · Lucy Parsons · +5
8
1886-03-25Railroad Commission Cases: State Regulation Affirmed with Corporate Property Rights Caveat
U.S. Supreme Court · Mississippi Legislature · Farmers' Loan & Trust Company · +2
5
1886-01-01Knights of Labor Reaches Peak Membership of 700,000 Before Rapid Collapse
Terence V. Powderly · Knights of Labor · Jay Gould · +1
4
1885-07-01J.P. Morgan Yacht Meeting: Ending Railroad Competition Through Financial Coercion
J.P. Morgan · New York Central Railroad · Pennsylvania Railroad · +1
4
1884-11-04Cleveland Election Marks Shift Toward Corporate Campaign Financing
Grover Cleveland · James G. Blaine · U.S. Congress
3
1884-06-03Mugwump Republicans Bolt Party Over Blaine Nomination, Citing Corruption
James G. Blaine · Grover Cleveland · Carl Schurz · +2
5
1883-10-15Civil Rights Cases Strike Down 1875 Act, Legitimizing Jim Crow
U.S. Supreme Court · Joseph P. Bradley · John Marshall Harlan
3
1882-12-19Roscoe Conkling's Fraudulent Argument for Corporate Personhood in San Mateo County v. Southern Pacific
Roscoe Conkling · U.S. Supreme Court · Southern Pacific Railroad · +2
5
1882-05-06Chinese Exclusion Act Bans Immigration Through Racist Labor Scapegoating
Chester A. Arthur · U.S. Congress · Chinese immigrant workers · +2
5
1882-01-02Standard Oil Trust Formed - First Modern Corporate Monopoly Structure
John D. Rockefeller · Standard Oil Company · Henry Flagler · +2
5
1881-07-02Charles Guiteau Shoots President Garfield Over Patronage Denial
James A. Garfield · Charles J. Guiteau · Chester A. Arthur · +1
4
1881-04-01Garfield Launches Investigation of Star Route Postal Fraud Scheme
James A. Garfield · Thomas J. Brady · Stephen W. Dorsey · +2
5
1880-01-01Pullman Company Town Established as Model of Corporate Paternalistic Control
George Pullman · Pullman Palace Car Company · Company town workers
3
1879-10-01Carlisle Indian Industrial School Opens With "Kill the Indian, Save the Man" Mission of Cultural Genocide
Lieutenant Richard Henry Pratt · U.S. government · U.S. War Department · +1
4
1879-01-01Standard Oil Attorney Develops Trust Legal Innovation to Circumvent Anti-Monopoly Laws
Samuel C. T. Dodd · John D. Rockefeller · Standard Oil Company
3
1878-06-18Posse Comitatus Act Restricts Federal Military from Domestic Law Enforcement
Rutherford B. Hayes · U.S. Congress
2
1878-02-28Bland-Allison Act Overrides Presidential Veto, Restores Silver Coinage
Richard P. Bland · William B. Allison · Rutherford B. Hayes · +1
4
1877-07-16Great Railroad Strike of 1877 Erupts Across Nation, Federal Troops Deployed Against Workers
Baltimore & Ohio Railroad · Rutherford B. Hayes · U.S. Army · +2
5
1877-06-21Black Thursday: Mass Execution of Molly Maguires Based on Pinkerton Infiltration
Pinkerton Detective Agency · Franklin B. Gowen · Philadelphia & Reading Railroad · +2
5
1877-03-01Munn v. Illinois: Supreme Court Affirms Public Power to Regulate Monopolies
U.S. Supreme Court · Morrison Waite · National Grange · +2
5
1877-02-28Congress Seizes Black Hills With Only 10% Sioux Consent, Violating Fort Laramie Treaty Requirement for 75% Approval
U.S. Congress · Sioux Nation · Lakota people · +1
4
1877-02-26Compromise of 1877: Wormley Agreement Abandons Black Americans
Rutherford B. Hayes · Southern Democrats · Northern Republicans · +1
4
1876-07-08Hamburg Massacre: Red Shirts Murder Black Militia to Suppress Voting
Red Shirts · Benjamin Tillman · Wade Hampton III · +2
5
1876-03-27United States v. Cruikshank Guts Federal Civil Rights Enforcement
U.S. Supreme Court · Joseph P. Bradley · Colfax Massacre Perpetrators
3
1876-03-02War Secretary Belknap Impeached for Selling Military Post Traderships
William W. Belknap · Ulysses S. Grant · Caleb Marsh · +2
5
1875-05-10Whiskey Ring Scandal: Treasury Officials Steal Millions in Tax Revenue
Benjamin H. Bristow · Orville Babcock · Ulysses S. Grant · +2
5
1875-01-01Carnegie Opens Edgar Thomson Steel Works - Introduces Bessemer Process at Scale
Andrew Carnegie · Edgar Thomson Steel Works
2
1874-12-07Vicksburg Massacre: White League Kills 150-300 Black Citizens, Overthrows Sheriff
White League · Peter Crosby · Andrew J. Gilmer · +1
4
1874-11-18Woman's Christian Temperance Union Founded Creating Alliance and Opposition to Suffrage
Frances Willard · Annie Wittenmyer · Woman's Christian Temperance Union · +1
4
1874-09-14Battle of Liberty Place: White League Stages Armed Coup Against Louisiana Government
White League · James Longstreet · William Pitt Kellogg · +2
5
1874-08-30Coushatta Massacre: White League Assassinates Entire Republican Parish Government
White League · Dick Coleman · Thomas Floyd · +2
5
1874-07-02Custer's Black Hills Expedition Violates Fort Laramie Treaty, Discovering Gold and Triggering Rush to Sioux Sacred Lands
Lieutenant Colonel George Armstrong Custer · U.S. Army · Sioux Nation · +2
5